Queensland Judgments
Authorised Reports & Unreported Judgments
  • sclq logo
  1. Caselaw
  2. QCAT
  3. 2024
  4. Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd - [2024] QCAT 186

Authorised Reports & Unreported Judgments
Exit Distraction Free Reading Mode
  • Unreported Judgment

Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd[2024] QCAT 186

Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd[2024] QCAT 186

QUEENSLAND CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL

CITATION:

Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd & Anor [2024] QCAT 186

PARTIES:

Andrew Ivor Jacobsen

(applicant)

Margaret Ruth Jacobsen

(applicant)

v

KEY TO AUSTRALIA (deregistered)

(First respondent)

graham mark scarrott (a bankrupt)

(Second respondent)

APPLICATION NO/S:

OCL072-21

MATTER TYPE:

Other civil dispute matters

DELIVERED ON:

8 March 2024

HEARING DATES:

9 June 2023

HEARD AT:

Brisbane

DECISION OF:

Member Poteri

ORDERS:

  1. Pursuant to s 105 of the Agents Financial Administration Act 2014 (Qld), the claim is allowed and the amount of $115,200 should be paid to the Applicant from the Claim Fund at the expiration of the appeal period as outlined in s 143 of the Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2009 (Qld).
  2. The First Respondent and Second Respondent are jointly and severally liable for the losses of the Applicant.
  3. Pursuant to Sections 105(3) and 116(3) of the Agents Financial Administration Act 2014 (Qld), the First Respondent and the Second Respondent are jointly and severally liable to reimburse the Claim Fund in the amount of $115,200

CATCHWORDS:

Where residents of New Zealand have invested in real estate in Australia – where the residents were induced to make this investment because of the false and or misleading representations of an Australian registered real estate agent – where the real estate agent is alleged to have disbursed funds without authorisation from the real estate agent’s trust account –  where the scheme has failed – where the residents have made a claim against the Claim Fund under the provisions of the Agents Financial Administration Act 2014 (Qld)  – where the claim has been referred to the Tribunal for a determination.

Agents Financial Administration Act 2014 (Qld), s 21, s 22, s 77, s 80, s 82, s 85, s 95, s 105, s 113, s 116

Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld), s 24

Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2009 (Qld), s 19, s 20, s 143

Planning Act 2016 (Qld), s 43

Property Occupations Act 2014 (Qld), s 12, s 26, s 97, s 154, s 155, s 206, s 207, s 208, s 209, s 212

Airstrike Industrial Pty Ltd v Robertson & Anor [2014] QCATA 43

Dunn v Chief Executive, Department of Justice and Attorney-General [2012] QCAT 476.

Freehold Land Investments Ltd v Queensland Estates Pty Ltd (1970) 123 CLR 418.

Goodchild v Ferrantino [2007] CCT PC020 – 06

To v Chief Executive, Department of Tourism [2006] QDC 381

APPEARANCES &

REPRESENTATION:

 

Applicant:

Self-represented

First Respondent:

Key to Australia Pty LtdNo appearance

Second Respondent:

Graham Mark ScarrottNo appearance

Office of Fair Trading:

Mr A Tan, Legal Officer of the Office of Fair Trading

GENERAL OVERVIEW

  1. [1]
    This is an overview of 17 claims made under the provisions of the Agents Financial Administration Act 2014 (Qld) (‘AFAA’) regarding the activities of the First Respondent, Key to Australia Pty Ltd (‘Key’), and the Second Respondent, Graham Mark Scarrott (‘Scarrott’).
  2. [2]
    I have consent of all the claimants to refer to the evidence and details of each of the   various claims in considering the individual claims.
  3. [3]
    The consideration of the claims should be viewed as a whole because all of the claims refer to the proposed purchase of some 20 lots at Pimpama. The lots were the subject of put and call option agreements (‘P&C’) with Eagle Street Finance Pty Ltd, Leda (‘Vendor’).
  4. [4]
    In all Scarrott and Key were paid the total of approximately $2,380,000 by the claimants. Scarrott paid approximately $603,000 to the Vendor for deposits under the P&Cs. Approximately $72,000 was paid to The Gold Coast City Council (‘Council’) for application fees and approximately $33,000 was paid to the town planners, Zone Planning Group (‘ZPG’). The Tribunal has not been informed of any other amounts that Scarrott may have paid to other consultants or contractors.
  5. [5]
    Scarrott and Key had at their disposal approximately $1,690,000. It is not clear to me how Scarrott and Key used these funds. However, most of these funds were used without the implied or express authority of the claimants on personal expenses, company expenses and keeping the whole scheme going. That is the funds were dishonestly used by Scarrott and Key.
  6. [6]
    Scarrott and Key were charged and convicted of breaches of the Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) regarding their marketing of land at Pimpama. There were 18 complainants. Scarrott and Key pleaded guilty to the charges. Scarrott participated in voluntary records of interview with officers of the Office of Fair Trading (‘OFT’) in 2020. The admissions were summarised and read to the Court during the criminal proceedings. The admissions are set out in schedule 3 to the material filed by OFT on 17 March 2023. In summary the admissions show:
    1. Scarrott and Key fraudulently converted approximately between $1,600,000 and $1,700,000 to his own account or to pay another person.
    2. Scarrott forged ANZ finance approval letters to buy time.
    3. Scarrott started marketing the lots in May 2018.
    4. Scarrott had no assurances from the Council that it would approve the subdivision of the lots. This was confirmed by advice from ZPG dated 23 April 2019.
    5. Scarrott arranged for ZPG to lodge 6 applications with the Council on 26 August 2019. Post lodgement of the applications, Scarrott had meetings with the Council, and he was aware that the Council raised concerns with the applications. Scarrott continued to market lots at Pimpama.
    6. The complainants’ funds were paid into the bank account known as the Key to Australia Pty Ltd trust account ATF Scarrott Family Trust. Scarrott told the complainants that he and Key were licenced agents, and this bank account was a “trust account”.
    7. The returns that Scarrott was promising to the complainants were imagined rather than evidence based.
    8. Scarrott and Key’s trading losses per month were between $75,000 and $120,000. This is the reason why he was signing up new investors and trying to expedite the process. Scarrott was running out of time.
    9. Scarrott estimated that he only spent on average approximately $4,100 of each complainant’s funds in prosecuting the subdivision approval for the lots.
  7. [7]
    The Tribunal has no investigation powers. These powers are exercised by the Chief Executive of OFT under the AFAA.
  8. [8]
    The consideration of each claim was difficult and complicated because Scarrott and Key did not appear at the hearing. Scarrott did provide an unsworn statement which is very general in nature and is not corroborated.
  9. [9]
    The claimants were ordinary everyday New Zealanders (except for one Australian claim) who trusted Scarrott. Generally, I found the claimants to be entirely credible and honest. Also, I found them to be extremely courteous and at times somewhat embarrassed by the way they were convinced by Scarrott to trust him.
  10. [10]
    In almost all cases there is no question that Scarrott did not provide the claimants with full details of his proposal. That is, he did not inform them of the possible shortcomings, disadvantages, and obstacles to overcome. He almost invariably told the claimants about the expected profit and gave them certainty.
  11. [11]
    Scarrott’s plan was for the parties to enter P&Cs with the Vendor and pay a deposit to secure the purchase of a lot (or lots). Other monies were paid to Scarrott by the claimants so that Scarrott could obtain approval from the Council to subdivide the lot into 3 individual lots and obtain approval to erect 3 townhouses on the individual subdivided lots.
  12. [12]
    Scarrott arranged for ZPG to lodge applications with the Council to subdivide lots 280, 281, 282, 333, 334 and 335 in April 2019. No applications were lodged with the Council to subdivide any other lots.
  13. [13]
    I presume the plan was to on-sell the subdivided lots with approved plans or to erect the townhouses on the subdivided lots and to on-sell these subdivided improved lots. However, Scarrott did promise the claimants that they would not have to invest any further funds in the scheme or would not have to become purchasers of the individual lots. It is not entirely clear to me how this would work in practice from a legal or timing perspective.
  14. [14]
    Bridging finance may have been required because the Council took more than the expected 3 to 4 months (as advised by ZPG) to assess the applications. One of the claimants stated that at one stage Scarrott did discuss the necessity to obtain bridging finance. Scarrott has admitted forging ANZ approval letters to buy time.
  15. [15]
    It was all a question of timing and the Council approving the subdivision of the individual lots without the necessary setbacks and relaxation of on street parking. In the end the Council took 10 months to assess and reject Scarrott’s application, financing became more difficult and the COVID epidemic made all commercial activities more complicated.
  16. [16]
    It is difficult to ascertain when Scarrott started using the funds for his personal and Key’s expenses and other financing expenses to keep the whole scheme going. However, the Vendor became impatient and in 2020 the Vendor called upon the claimants to perform their obligations under the P&Cs and to pay the balance of the purchase prices under the P&Cs. Many of the claimants could not complete the purchases so their deposits were forfeited to the Vendor.
  17. [17]
    Ironically 2 claimants who had the resources to complete the purchase a lot and retain the lot have seen a substantial increase in the value of their lot and thus they have not suffered a financial loss.

REASONS FOR DECISION

  1. [18]
    The Applicants, Andrew Ivor Jacobsen and Margaret Ruth Jacobsen (‘the Jacobsens’) were at all relevant times residents of New Zealand.
  2. [19]
    Key was at all relevant times a corporation incorporated in Australia and had offices in Queensland.
  3. [20]
    Scarrott was at all relevant times a resident of Queensland and a director and the secretary of Key.
  4. [21]
    Between February and April 2019, the Jacobsens met Scarrott in New Zealand to discuss a real estate scheme. Certain representations are alleged to have been made by Scarrott:
    1. A substantial profit could be made by investing in a real estate scheme regarding land which the Council had preapproved for subdivision.
    2. An initial investment of $114,200 was required from the Jacobsens. A sum of $27,400 was required to be paid as a deposit to secure a block of land. Scarrott and Key would subdivide the land.
    3. Scarrott and Key would on-sell the subdivided lots for the Jacobsens without the necessity of the Jacobsens’ having to pay for the balance of the land purchase.
    4. The outcome for the Jacobsens would be an estimated return of 225.57%.
  5. [22]
    In April 2019 the Jacobsens committed to the purchase of lot 507 Pimpama Village (‘Land’) based on the representations made by Scarrott by signing an expression of interest. On 12 April 2019 the Jacobsens remitted the sum of $114,200 into the bank account of Key with the CBA. This is the account that Scarrott refers to as his “trust account”. It is in the name of Key to Australia Pty Ltd ATF Scarrott Family Trust.
  6. [23]
    On 29 May 2020, the Jacobsens’ lawyer emailed them advising that settlement of the put and call agreement was due on 18 May 2020. On 29 May 2020, the Jacobsens were informed that the Vendor was exercising its option on lot 507.
  7. [24]
    On 9 June 2020, the Jacobsens’ lawyer advised the Jacobsens that the arrangement with Scarrott was not going ahead and Scarrott may have misappropriated his funds.

LEGISLATION

  1. [25]
    For reference I outline the relevant legislative provisions of the AFAA and Property Occupations Act 2014 (Qld) (‘POA’):

Ss 6, 8, 21, 22, 33, 77, 80, 82, 84, 85, 95, 105, 113 and 116 of the AFAA.

Ss 12, 26, 97, 115, 154, 155, 206, 207, 208, 209, and 212 of the POA.

CLAIM

  1. [26]
    Pursuant to s 82 of the AFAA, the Jacobsens lodged a claim (‘Claim’) on 22 September 2020 against the Claim Fund which is administered by OFT. The Claim was made within the time stipulated in s 85 of the AFAA.
  2. [27]
    Pursuant to 95 of the AFAA the Claim was referred (‘the Referral’) to the Tribunal on 31 August 2021 for determination.

REFERRAL

  1. [28]
    In the Referral OFT has raised several issues that should be considered by the Tribunal.
  2. [29]
    The issues are:
    1. Jurisdiction. The AFAA is legislation enacted in Queensland. There is no specific provision in the AFAA which restricts claims to Queensland. However, for a claim to be successful, a claimant must demonstrate that there is a sufficient nexus to Queensland.
    2. Section 80 of the AFAA outlines the definition of a “relevant person” as being current and former licensed real estate agents. At the relevant time OFT admits that Key and Scarrott held valid licenses.
    3. OFT point out that Scarrott and Key may have been providing property development advice rather than acting as a real estate agent when the Jacobsens entered the arrangements.
    4. A claim may be made under s 82 of the AFAA if the claimant suffers financial loss because of a contravention of ss 21 and 22 of the AFAA. Section 82(1)(a) and (b) of the AFAA relate to payment of monies or permitted drawings from a trust account. In these proceedings the Jacobsens paid $114,200 into the trust account of Key. These monies were to be distributed by payment of a $27,400 deposit to the Vendor for securing the Land and the balance to Key to prosecute the scheme.
    5. Section 82(1)(g) of the AFAA states that a claimant may make a claim if there has been a contravention of s 212 of the POA by a relevant person. Section 212 of the POA provides that in making a sale of real property, the relevant person must not make representations to someone that are false or misleading. This issue relates to the ability of Key to subdivide the Land and/or whether the Jacobsens would not be required to pay for the balance of the purchase price of the Land to the Vendor.

EVIDENCE

The Jacobsens

  1. [30]
    I found the Jacobsens to open and honest when giving evidence and I accept their evidence.
  2. [31]
    Andrew Jacobsen provided a statement (‘A Jacobsen’s Statement’) to OFT dated 27 August 2020 which is exhibited on pages 4 to 7 of the Referral. This statement also annexes other relevant material. The Jacobsens gave evidence at the hearings by Teams and remote conferencing.
  3. [32]
    The Jacobsens met with Scarrott between February and April 2019 in New Zealand to explore the opportunity of purchasing a rental property on the Gold Coast. The Jacobsens were introduced to Key through radio advertising.
  4. [33]
    In March 2019 the Jacobsens communicated with Salara of Key by email at FinanceManager@KTA. The subject of this communication was for the Jacobsens to outline their borrowing capacity.
  5. [34]
    In March 2019 the Jacobsens met with Scarrott where he outlined his proposal for the Jacobsens to purchase the Land through a P&C and he would arrange for the Land to be subdivided into 3 lots which could be on-sold. The Jacobsens knew nothing about P&Cs. Scarrott advised the Jacobsens that they could expect a return of some 225% on their investment and they would not have to provide any further purchase monies. Scarrott provided a feasibility of the proposal. See exhibit AMJ1 of A Jacobsen’s Statement page 8 of the Referral.
  6. [35]
    The Jacobsens advised Scarrott that they could not afford to provide any further funds to purchase the Land if they were called on to settle the purchase of the Land. Scarrott always gave them the impression that everything with the subdivision of the Land into 3 lots was “sorted”, all necessary approvals were in place (“all sorted”) and the proceeds of the future sale of the subdivided lots would cover the initial purchase price. Scarrott stated that the Jacobsens would not have to borrow any funds as the proceeds of the sale of the subdivided lots would cover the purchase of the Land.
  7. [36]
    The Jacobsens were nervous about investing funds as they had a bad experience with a previous property investment. Scarrott assured the Jacobsens that “this would not happen with this development”. Scarrott assured the Jacobsens that “if the development had not proceeded before settlement was required, Scarrott would arrange other developers to purchase the Land, or he would purchase the Land because he knew that the Jacobsens could not raise any further finance”.
  8. [37]
    Accordingly, the Jacobsens committed to the purchase and transferred the sum of $114,200 into the account of Key in Australia Pty Ltd ATF Scarrott Family Trust on 12 April 2019. See exhibit AMJ2 of A Jacobsen’s Statement page 9 of the Referral. Exhibit AMJ2 of A Jacobsen’s Statement are details of the Jacobsens’ ANZ Flexible Home Loan statement for 12 April 2019. From this bank statement I note that total withdrawals payable to Key amount to $NZ121,889.50, which at the time equated to $A114,200. The Jacobsens are claiming $114,200 plus an amount of $1,000 for legal fees from the Claim Fund.
  9. [38]
    A Jacobsen raises the issue of executing a P&C in his Statement. No copy of the relevant P&C was provided to the Tribunal in the Referral. The Jacobsens received a receipt from HWL Ebsworth, lawyers for the Vendor, that the deposit of $27,400 had been received by them for the purchase of lot 507. The Jacobsens confirmed that they executed the P&C at their home in New Zealand. I presume that the terms and conditions of the P&C executed by the Jacobsens are the same as the terms and conditions in the other P&Cs executed by the other New Zealand claimants. The Jacobsens accept that their deposit of $27,400 was forfeited to the Vendor when they could complete the P&C when called upon to do so by the Vendor.
  10. [39]
    During the discussions with the Jacobsens, Scarrott always gave them the impression that he was a licenced real estate agent and the funds that were being transferred by the Jacobsens to Key were to be paid into a trust account and held in that trust account for the payment of costs associated with their purchase and the associated costs of subdividing and on-selling the subdivided lots. A Jacobsen stated that Scarrott never described himself as a development consultant but as a real estate agent.
  11. [40]
    In giving evidence A Jacobsen stated that Scarrott gave him the impression that he had Council approval to undertake the subdivision of the Land and that his funds would be kept in a separate account. 
  12. [41]
    Eventually on 9 June 2020 the Jacobsens were informed that the Land was not able to be subdivided and on-sold and the Jacobsens were called upon to complete the purchase of the Land. They were not able to complete the transaction and the deposit paid under the P&C was forfeited by the Vendor. They were advised by Sharney Rowe of JMV Law that the development with Scarrott was not going to proceed and Scarrott may have fraudulently taken the funds from the various purchasers from New Zealand.
  13. [42]
    A Jacobsen outlines details of communications passing between the Jacobsens and Key, especially Geri Richardson, Office Administrator of Key. These communications are on pages 12 to 31 of the Referral. In these communications the Jacobsens are requesting details of progress of the subdivision lot 507, development and sale of the subdivided lots. The responses from Key are false and/or misleading. I will comment on this issue later.

ADMISSIONS BY SCARROTT

  1. [43]
    A claim was made against the Claim Fund by a Simon Allan Wilson (‘Wilson’) in Tribunal file OCL067-21. Wilson had similar dealings with Scarrott and Key regarding the subdivision of a lot at Pimpama. In sworn testimony given to the Tribunal, Wilson stated that Scarrott had made admissions to him that he had used the money that he collected from the New Zealand claimants on personal expenses, paying for settlements, paying deposits, Key’s expenses and to other New Zealand purchasers.
  2. [44]
    Further I refer to the admissions made by Scarrott in interviews regarding Scarrott’s criminal prosecution referred to earlier in these reasons. See annexure 3 in the bundle of documents filed in the Tribunal by OFT on 17 March 2023.

SCARROTT AND KEY

  1. [45]
    Scarrott did not attend the hearings to give evidence and/or to be cross examined. He provided an unsworn statement (‘Scarrott’s Statement’) (pages 33 to 39 of the Referral).
  2. [46]
    Key was not represented at the hearings and no material was filed by Key in these proceedings. Key has now been deregistered as a corporation.
  3. [47]
    Details of Scarrott’s activities are outlined on page 1 to 26 in the Supplementary Document Bundle attached to OFT’s submissions filed in the Tribunal on 17 March 2023. From this material Scarrott was convicted of offences under the ACL. Scarrott was not charged with or convicted of any offences under the POA.
  4. [48]
    Scarrott did not appear at the hearing, and he was not subjected to any cross-examination to test his evidence. Therefore, I have reservations about accepting the accuracy or veracity of Scarrott’s Statement. Scarrott does not outline the admissions made by Scarrott in his interviews with officers of OFT in 2020 or the summary of the admissions read to the Court in his and Key’s criminal guilty pleas.
  5. [49]
    I make the following findings in relation to Scarrott and Key:
    1. The Respondents and the Vendor appear to have no formal arrangements for any of the Respondents to market the Vendor’s land at Pimpama.
    2. The Respondents appear to have never formally acted for or represented the Vendor. The Respondents did not have any authority from the Vendor to negotiate with any buyers of the Vendor’s land at Pimpama on behalf of the Vendor. See the comments relating to the “Developer” of annexure 3 of the supplementary bundle of documents filed with OFT’s submissions filed in the Tribunal on 17 March 2023.
    3. Notwithstanding that there were no formal arrangements for Scarrott to market lots of land at Pimpama for the Vendor, it is almost certain that the Vendor was aware of Scarrott’s activities and there would have been numerous interactions between Scarrott and the Vendor’s representatives in 2019 and 2020. After all Scarrott had achieved the sale of approximately 20 lots of land for the Vendor.
    4. Scarrott had been marketing residential housing lots in the Gold Coast region and at Pimpama prior to 2018.
    5. All funds were paid to the business account of Key to Australia Pty Ltd trustee for the Scarrott Family Trust. Scarrott informed clients that this was a “trust account”. The Jacobsens always believed and Scarrott gave them the impression that their funds were being paid into a real estate agent’s trust account and held in this trust account pending payment of the deposit under the P&C and payment of the expenses to facilitate the subdivision of the Land.
    6. Scarrott arranged for ZPG to lodge a development application relating to lots 280, 281, 282, 333, 334 and 335 at Pimpama with the Council on 26 August 2019. See letter from ZPG to Tom Tate dated 23 April 2020 – page 50 to 65 of the Referral.
    7. In Scarrott’s Statement, he says that once the applications for the 6 lots were approved for subdivision by the Council, then the applications for subdivision of the other blocks purchased by the other New Zealand claimants would have been approved by the Council “as of right”. Ransom gave evidence to the Tribunal this advice is not correct and further applications for subdivision must be lodged with the Council and each application must be assessed by the Council.
    8. No application for subdivision of lot 507 was lodged with the Council.
    9. In the criminal prosecution of Scarrott there were approximately 18 affected parties.
    10. Scarrott admitted to forging letters from the ANZ bank to buy time.
    11. Scarrott attempted to obtain finance with Latrobe Financial Ltd, but the valuations of the land fell short of the valuations required by the financier.
    12. Scarrott always described himself as a sales consultant or a licensed real estate agent not as a development consultant.
    13. Scarrott initially expected the subdivision approval process with the Council to take 3 to 4 months. This process took much longer than expected and eventually the Council rejected/approved Scarrott’s application with certain conditions which Scarrott/Key were not able to satisfy. Ransom describes the response from Council as a “refusal”. The more accurate way of describing the actual situation is that the Council delayed in processing the application for subdivision and the approval was subject to certain conditions.
    14. At one stage Scarrott approached the Vendor for Vendor finance to complete the contracts. The Vendor would agree to providing 50% Vendor finance with the balance to be provided from the funds to come from New Zealand. This was not practical.
    15. Admissions were made by Scarrott that he expended the funds by paying for the deposits of various New Zealand investors for the purchase of the land under other P&Cs, Key’s expenses, expenses relating to the Council application process and personal expenses.
    16. Scarrott admitted that Key’s business was running at losses of between $75,000 and $120,000 per month. He was desperate for further sales so investors would provide him with funds to keep the scheme going. That is buying time.
    17. Ultimately the Council process took too long, Council rejected/approved the application with conditions, bank lending requirements became tighter, introduction of a foreign buyer’s surcharge was introduced into New Zealand, the COVID pandemic struck and New Zealand banking institutions’ actions were delayed.

DAVID RANSOM AND ZONE PLANNING GROUP

  1. [50]
    David Ransom (‘Ransom’) is a director of ZPG who are urban and regional planners.
  2. [51]
    Ransom has provided a sworn statement executed on 24 August 2020 which is on pages 40 to 180 of the Referral. Ransom has an Urban and Town Planning degree from the University of New England. Annexed to this statement are a fee proposal, terms of engagement and some attached correspondence with the Council.
  3. [52]
    ZPG was engaged by Scarrott to assist him in obtaining planning approval for his development application. On 23 April 2019 ZPG provided advice to Scarrott regarding the proposed development approval. See annexure ZP1 of Ransom’s statement, pages 43 to 49 of the Referral.
  4. [53]
    Scarrott accepted the fee proposal and terms of engagement of ZPG and commenced work on the development application. The application to the Council appears to have been lodged with the Council on 26 August 2019. See page 2 of the letter from ZPG to Tom Tate, the mayor of the Council, making complaints about the time taken to process the development application. See page 50 of the Referral.
  5. [54]
    In the letter from ZPG to Key dated 23 April 2019 there is no mention of lot 507 in the letter. Lot 507 is not included in the application to the Council lodged on 26 August 2019. Scarrott says that this was the case because he wanted to save costs and ZPG advised him that once the initial applications were approved then the other applications would be approved “as of right.”
  6. [55]
    The planning scheme that applies to the Land and the properties that were purchased by other New Zealand purchasers at Pimpama is the Gold Coast 2016 City Plan VS – page 44 of the Referral.
  7. [56]
    I note the advice, in particular paragraph 3, given to Key and Scarrott in the letter, in particular paragraph 3, from ZPG dated 23 April 2019 (page 43 of the Referral). That is:

The proposed Dwelling Houses are also Code Assessable as they do not strictly conform with the acceptable outcomes of the Pimpama Village Residential Code… More specifically the dwellings will need to seek alternative outcomes in relation to boundary setbacks, site cover and communal open space.

Typically, applications of this nature will take Council in the order of 3–4 months to assess and decide…

  1. [57]
    From Ransom’s statement he says that the Council assessment took much longer than anticipated and ultimately the application was refused (approval with conditions unsatisfactory to Key/Scarrott) by the Council on 11 June 2020. According to Ransom this delay and refusal/ approval with conditions was “completely wrong”.
  2. [58]
    Ransom says that ZPG has no knowledge of the details of Scarrott’s New Zealand sales scheme.
  3. [59]
    The Tribunal called Ransom to give oral evidence on 7 March 2024. His evidence was:
    1. “Preapproval” refers to preliminary approval in s 43 of the Planning Act 2016 (Qld). The preliminary approval refers to the approval in the material change of use Council reference MCU201500641 for Pimpama Village development area approved by the Council on 14 November 2016. (See page 44 of the Referral).
    2. Lots 280, 281, 282, 333, 334 and 335 are part of the Pimpama Village development area.
    3. If an owner intends to subdivide a lot and build on the subdivided lot in the Pimpama Village development area and the proposed subdivision and buildings do not strictly comply with the Pimpama Village Planning Scheme (as contained in MCU201500641) then an application to the Council to seek relaxation of the conditions under the preliminary approval is required.
    4. This is what occurred in respect to the applications to Council for lots 280, 281, 282, 333, 334 and 335. There was no preliminary approval (‘pre-approval’) for these lots or any of the other lots in Pimpama being marketed by Scarrott.
    5. The applications to Council are usually straightforward because they do not require advertising and no third party has rights to object.
    6. Ransom never had a pre-lodgement meeting or any discussions with any Council officers before the actual application was lodged.
    7. Ransom was confident that the applications would succeed as there were similar developments at Southport and Varsity Lakes on the Gold Coast where the Council approved the developments with relaxed setbacks and parking requirements.
    8. Ransom acknowledged that there is no certainty of outcomes when making such applications with Council.
    9. Ransom also acknowledged that if the subdivision of any other lots at Pimpama was required then further applications to Council were required to be lodged and assessed by Council. There is no “as of right” procedure available whereby the other lots would be automatically approved (with relaxed setbacks and parking) if the applications for lots 280, 281, 282, 333, 334 and 335 were approved.
    10. Ransom did discuss other consultants and contractors with Scarrott but he had no direct dealings with these consultants and contractors and he is not aware how much Scarrott paid them.
    11. He provided payment details to the Tribunal after giving evidence. ZPG were paid a total of $33,000 by Scarrott.

JURISDICTION

  1. [60]
    OFT has raised the issue of jurisdiction of the AFAA. There are no specific provisions in the AFAA which expressly limit the operations of the legislation to activities that take place in Queensland. Therefore, I must look to the caselaw to decide this issue.
  2. [61]
    The High Court decision of Freehold Land Investments Ltd v Queensland Estates Pty Ltd (1970) 123 CLR 418 (‘Freehold’) is instructive. Freehold involved a claim for commission where negotiations for a contract for the sale of land occurred inside and outside of Queensland. The court in Freehold examined the provisions for the Auctioneers, Real Estate Agents, Debt Collectors and Motor Dealers Acts 1922 to 1961 (Qld). This legislation is similar to the legislation in the AFAA.
  3. [62]
    In Freehold the court held that the activities occurred in Queensland. However, the court at page 425 stated:

The Act clearly enough is not concerned with what is done outside Queensland, even if it be done in accordance with a contract the proper law of which is the law of Queensland. On the other hand, whatever may be the proper law of an agency contract, the Act applies to a person who acts as, or carries on the business, of a real estate agent in Queensland and a Queensland court would give effect to it. It is not, therefore, possible to support the conclusion which his Honour reached on the ground upon which his Honour based it.

The critical question is rather, did the claimant, in doing what it did pursuant to its agency contract with the owner, act as, or carry on the business of a real estate agent in Queensland? The circumstances here are such that unless the claimant acted as a real estate agent in Queensland in the transaction with which we are concerned it did not carry on business as a real estate agent in Queensland, so that the question can be narrowed down to **426 whether or not, in the course of the negotiation of the sale from Queensland Estates Pty. Ltd. to Golden Acres Ltd., it acted as a real estate agent in Queensland.

  1. [63]
    The matter of Goodchild v Ferrantino [2007] CCT PC020 – 06 (‘Goodchild’) involved a claim under the Property Agents and Motor Dealers Act 2000 (Qld) (‘PAMD Act’) for certain fraudulent activities that occurred in Queensland. In Goodchild the land was situated in New South Wales, but all the activities occurred in Queensland then the claim was allowed, notwithstanding the fact that the land was outside of Queensland… In Goodchild the Tribunal noted that one of the objects of the PAMD Act was for the protection of consumers. The main object of the AFAA is “to protect consumers from financial loss in dealing with agents”. The analysis of the law in Goodchild is relevant to the facts and circumstances in these proceedings.
  2. [64]
    I conclude that the protection given to claimants under the provisions of the AFAA is restricted to cases where the activities take place in or predominantly in Queensland.
  3. [65]
    In these proceedings the following facts apply:
    1. The Land is in Queensland.
    2. Scarrott and Key are licenced and were based in Queensland.
    3. The Vendor is in Queensland.
    4. The Jacobsens paid monies into the bank account of Key which is situated in Queensland.
    5. There was communication between the Jacobsens and Salara of Key in Queensland in March 2019. Further the Jacobsens communicated with Key and JMV Law in Queensland between April 2019 and June 2020.
  4. [66]
    By taking the above facts into account I find that the activities of Scarrott/Key took place predominantly in Queensland and the provisions of the AFAA apply to the Claim. As far as the issue of jurisdiction is concerned the Claim is valid.

REPRESENTATIONS OF SCARROTT

  1. [67]
    OFT have outlined 3 representations made by Scarrott to the Jacobsens in March 2019 in paragraph 2 of OFT’s submissions filed on 17 March 2023. OFT have submitted that these representations are central to the Claim and the answers to these representations were the subject of cross-examination by Mr Tan of OFT. I will now comment on these representations.
  2. [68]
    Representation 1 - “The Respondents planned to reconfigure residential land into 3 smaller lots which could each house a 3-bedroom townhouse and on-sell for substantial profit” (Representation 1). A Jacobsen answered “yes” when asked about Representation 1.
  3. [69]
    There is sufficient evidence for me to find that, prima facie, Representation 1 is true. However, Scarrott was not telling the full story when he was selling the scheme and Land to the Jacobsens. When Representation 1 was made Scarrott must have known about the full details of his plans regarding the proposed subdivision of the Land, plans to seek on-street parking and setbacks relaxation from the Council and that any such application was subject to Council procedures and timelines to assess the application and the application may or not be successful. At this point Scarrott may not have had the benefit of Ransom’s advice but he has stated that he had discussed the proposal with the Council and the Vendor. From this information and his own experience as a real estate agent Scarrott would have known that an application process was required, and what is involved in making such applications to Council.
  4. [70]
    The feasibility study, which is on page 8 of the Referral, discloses that a development application and MCU (material change of use) was required. Scarrott never elaborated on this process and what obstacles had to be overcome to have the development application approved by Council. These obstacles were that the pre-approval only applied to the Pimpama Village development area, the Council would need to approve relaxation of setbacks and parking and time was of the essence. This was never disclosed to the Jacobsens. Scarrott always gave the Jacobsens the impression that there was certainty, and approvals were “all sorted”.
  5. [71]
    I interpret the phrase “all sorted” as Scarrott’s guarantee that the Council application process to subdivide the Land would proceed smoothly and was certain to be approved or was already approved and there were no time imperatives involved. Scarrott gave the Jacobsens the impression that everything would sail through smoothly and that sales of the subdivided lots would happen easily, and the proceeds of these sales would cover the initial purchase price, less the deposit, of the Land.
  6. [72]
    I also refer to the admission of Scarrott read to the Court in the criminal proceedings that his feasibility study was not based on any evidence.
  7. [73]
    Accordingly, I find that Representation 1 was prima facie true. However, I find that when Scarrott made this representation he was purposely being vague, and he failed to properly explain or disclose the underlying issues and problems involved.
  8. [74]
    A representation that is false and/or misleading can be either an expressed representation or can be in the form of silence or non-disclosure of a very relevant fact or what was within the knowledge of Scarrott. This principle was discussed in the matter of Airstrike Industrial Pty Ltd v Robertson [2014] QCATA 043. At paragraph 30 of the decision the Learned Members refer to a misrepresentation by silence. They say: “for there to be a representation by silence the representee must establish that there was some relevant fact or matter within the knowledge of the representor and the representor chooses not to disclose the fact or matter to create a false impression”.
  9. [75]
    If Scarrott had fully explained and been truthful about the processes required for Council approval and that the whole scheme very much depended on timing, then the Jacobsens would have shied away from their commitment. Therefore, I find Representation 1 was false or misleading.
  10. [76]
    Representation 2 – “The Applicants could participate in this scheme by-
    1. Securing an option to purchase land via a put and call option agreement.
    2. Investing $114,200 with the Respondents.

A Jacobsen answered “yes” when asked about Representation 2. While I accept this representation was true the story does not end there.

  1. [77]
    Scarrott always gave the Jacobsens the impression that he had everything in place to undertake the subdivision. He gave them the impression that there would be no problems, and everything was ready to go. The issues applicable to Representation 2 are very similar to those in Representation 1. That is Scarrott did not disclose the full story to the Jacobsens. He gave them certainty when there was no certainty. There were no approvals in place, the “pre-approval” only related to the Pimpama Village development area and not the Land, there was no certainty that the Council would approve the application with the requested relaxations and the success of the proposal depended on timing.
  2. [78]
    Further what corroborates the false, misleading and deceptive behaviour of Scarrott in making Representations 1, 2 and 3 is the email communications between the Jacobsens and Geri Richardson of Key between July 2019 and April 2020 where Scarrott/Key were providing updates on the subdivision and the sale of the subdivided lots to the Jacobsens. See pages 12 to 30 of the Referral. In these communications Key provided a sketch of the townhouses and updates on marketing and sales and the progress of registration. The details provided in these communications were false or misleading and a way to keep the wolves at bay. See the admissions made by Scarrott to officers of OFT in 2020 and the material read to the Court in Scarrott’s and Key’s criminal proceedings where guilty pleas were entered by Scarrott and Key.
  3. [79]
    I find that Representation 2 taken as a whole, which includes the non-disclosure issues, was false or misleading.
  4. [80]
    Representation 3 – “If the scheme did not work out, the Respondents knew of other interested developers who would buy their lot or else the Respondents would buy their lot themselves”. A Jacobsen answered “yes” when asked if Scarrott made this representation. Again, Scarrott was not telling the whole story and not making full disclosure when he made Representation 3.
  5. [81]
    Although Scarrott made the representation that he or other developers would purchase the Land if the Jacobsens were called upon to complete the P&C, I do not accept that Scarrott could ever have delivered on this promise because:
    1. There is no evidence that there were any builders, developers or other interested parties who would have committed to the purchase of the Land; and
    2. If Scarrott had such a commitment in some form of writing, then he certainly would have shown this commitment to the Jacobsens and other New Zealand claimants. After all this would have been a marketing weapon for him to convince other possible purchasers. Further, if Scarrott had verbal commitments then these commitments are worthless because a contract for Land (i.e. real estate) must be in writing.
  6. [82]
    Scarrott’s commitment to purchase the Land is worthless because he did not have the resources or finance to purchase the Land. This is corroborated by Scarrott’s admissions about his use of the various claimants’ funds fraudulently and his failed attempts to obtain bridging finance from the Vendor, ANZ and Latrobe Financial. Scarrott has admitted that Key’s business was running at a monthly loss of between $75,000 and $120,000 per month and forging ANZ bank approval letters to buy time. There was no possibility of Scarrott or Key being able to honour their commitment to purchase the Land unless they fraudulently converted other investors’ funds.
  7. [83]
    Accordingly, I find Representation 3 was false or misleading.
  8. [84]
    In summary I find that Scarrott/Key made the following representations to the Jacobsens to induce them to execute the P&C which were false and/or misleading:
    1. Scarrott, other developers or builders would purchase lot 507 if the Jacobsens were called to do so pursuant to the terms and conditions of the P&C.
    2. The proposal to subdivide lot 507 into 3 lots with approved plans to build 3 townhouses was a certainty and all Council approvals were “all sorted”.
    3. The funds paid by the Jacobsens to Key would be paid into a trust account and held there and only paid out for the deposit under the P&C and payment of other expenses to prosecute the subdivision of the Land.
  9. [85]
    OFT have raised the issue that s 24 of the Criminal Code of Queensland (‘Criminal Code’) would be available to Key and Scarrott if either was charged with a criminal offence under the POA or other legislation. OFT have cited the decisions of To v Chief Executive, Department of Tourism [2006] QDC 381 at paragraphs 40 to 45 and Dunn v Chief Executive, Department of Justice and Attorney-General [2012] QCAT 476 in other proceedings relating to the New Zealand claims against Scarrott and Key.
  10. [86]
    I accept OFT’s submission on the application of s 24 of the Criminal Code. However, the defence under s 24 of the Criminal Code must be “an honest and reasonable, but mistaken belief in the existence of any state of things”. In these proceedings, it is alleged that Scarrott may have mistakenly believed that the Council would approve the subdivision of various lots, including lot 507, into three lots and the construction of 3 townhouses (with relaxed setbacks, site coverage and communal open space) on the 3 subdivided lots. Scarrott relied on his own experience and enquiries in ascertaining that Council approval was code assessable, and a material change of use application would result in an approval, with conditions favourable to Scarrott with time being of the essence. No reasonable person could describe this as “being sorted” or that there was certainty that this would happen without difficulty. There is no evidence before me that the Council provided any sort of indication that such an application would be successful. There are always risks, in timing and outcomes, when making applications to the Council. In fact, Scarrott had meetings with Council officers in September 2019, after the applications were lodged in August 2019, where he was advised that the Council had at least 12 concerns with the applications and the applications may have to be amended. These issues were never disclosed to the Jacobsens.
  11. [87]
    A section 24 defence could not apply to the making of any of the Representations because Scarrott was not being truthful and not making full disclosure when making any of the Representations to the Jacobsens. This includes the commitment that Scarrott/Key would purchase the Land if the Jacobsens were called upon to complete the P&C. I note Scarrott’s admissions about the parlous state of his and Key’s financial position.
  12. [88]
    Therefore, s 24 of the Criminal Code would not be a defence if Key or Scarrott were charged with any criminal offence.
  13. [89]
    As a matter of clarification when I refer to representations made by Scarrott in my findings, the same findings also apply to Key as Scarrott was the director and controller of Key.
  14. [90]
    A general observation of the Jacobsens and the other New Zealand investors who made claims is that Scarrott gained their trust, and it is clear from the evidence that Scarrott played on this trust and their lack of knowledge of Queensland legal processes relating to the purchase and subdivision of real property. He was always vague and gave them certainty when this was not the case. This is corroborated by his subsequent actions, lying or being deceptive when the Jacobsens and other claimants asked for updates.

CLAIM AGAINST FUND

  1. [91]
    To succeed in their claim the Jacobsens must satisfy the provisions of s 82 of the AFAA. The provisions that may apply to the Jacobsens’ claim are ss 82(1)(a), (b) and (g). In s 80 there is a definition of “relevant person”. At all relevant times Scarrott was an “agent”.
  2. [92]
    What is an “agent”? The relevant sections are ss 8, 33, 41 and 80 of the AFAA. Pursuant to these provisions Scarrott was as “agent” regarding the relevant provisions of the AFAA.
  3. [93]
    Section 16 of the POA outlines who is a “real estate agent” and in s 16 of the POA there is a reference to s 26 of the POA which outlines the activities that the holder of a real estate agent is authorised to undertake as an agent for others. OFT have raised the issue that Scarrott may not have been carrying out the activities of a real estate agent when he was prosecuting his scheme, that he was acting as a property developer or giving advice as a property developer.
  4. [94]
    Section 26 the POA states:
  1. A real estate licence authorises the holder of the licence to perform the following activities an agent for others for reward-
    1. To buy, sell (other than by auction), exchange or let real estate property or interests in real estate:
    2. …….
    3. To negotiate for the buying, selling, exchanging or letting of something mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b);
    4. …..
  1. [95]
    I find that the activities that Scarrott was undertaking for the Jacobsens and the parties that have made claims against the Claim Fund fall squarely in the activities that are outlined in ss 26(1)(a) and (c) of the POA.
  2. [96]
    Has Scarrott complied with s 82 (1)(a) and (b) of the AFAA? Notwithstanding the issue of any false and misleading representations made by Scarrott, I am of the view that only some of the monies paid to Scarrott and Key were disbursed in accordance with the parties’ understanding of how the scheme was to operate. The deposit of $27,400 for the deposit under the P&C was certainly paid in accordance with the Jacobsens’ express authority. The Jacobsens gave evidence that the management fee noted in the development proposal (page 8 of the Referral) was not mentioned or discussed in any meetings with Scarrott. There may be some question whether Scarrott was to receive the management fee of $33,000 up front or when the subdivided lots were sold. However, the other funds (i.e. in excess of $50,000) were to be used to prosecute the application to the Council to subdivide the Land and Scarrott has admitted using the funds deposited in the Key account to pay deposits for other NZ investors and for personal and Key’s expenses.
  3. [97]
    The Jacobsens gave evidence that Scarrott gave them the impression that the funds paid to Key were to be held in a separate trust account and only dispersed to prosecute the subdivision of the Land. This did not occur.
  4. [98]
    No actual application was lodged by Scarrott or ZPG to obtain approval to subdivide lot 507. The application lodged by ZPG was for a material change of use and to reconfigure lots 260, 261, 262, 333, 334 and 335. I am of the view that there was no implied or express authority for Scarrott to disperse the balance of monies (i.e. in excess of $50,000) when no application was lodged by ZPG for lot 507.
  5. [99]
    I note that Scarrott gave the impression to the Jacobsens that their funds would be held in a trust account. It is difficult to determine the full details of the express and implied authority that Scarrott was to hold the monies on behalf of the Jacobsens for the payment of expenses to progress the Council applications from the conversations and correspondence between Jacobsens and Scarrott/Key. Also, the details of payments to other consultants and contractors (if any) have not been produced to the Tribunal to ascertain how much was paid to these parties. Notwithstanding this lack of clarity, I find that there was an express/implied authority that Scarrott was to hold the Jacobsens’ funds in trust and only disperse the funds for the deposit for the P&C, possibly the management fee and to prosecute the Council application to subdivide lot 507, not for other expenses. Therefore, I find that Scarrott/ Key have breached s 82(1)(a) and (b) of the AFAA.
  6. [100]
    The only way to determine exactly when and how much Scarrott and Key disbursed from their account without implied or express authority would be for an accountant to forensically examine the bank accounts of Scarrott and Key. I do not have these details. However, I have little doubt funds were disbursed without authority, given the amount of money available to Scarrott, the lack of progress in prosecuting the applications to Council on many of the lots and his admissions that he was dishonest and acting without authority in his dealing and disbursement of money held by him.
  7. [101]
    Did Scarrott contravene s 82(1)(g) of the AFAA? To determine this question, it is necessary to consider whether there have been any contraventions of ss 154, 155, 206, 207, 208, 209 and 212 of the POA.
  8. [102]
    In s 80 of the AFAA is the definition of “relevant person”. At all relevant time Scarrott was a relevant person because he was an “agent”.

COMPLIANCE

  1. [103]
    The Jacobsens were given the impression by Scarrott that the funds that they transmitted to Key were to be paid into a trust account. The international money transfer (page 9 of the Referral) dated 12 April 2019 refers to the payment “Key to Australia”. It is not necessary for me to establish if Scarrott/Key established a trust account under Part 2 of AFAA.
  2. [104]
    It is sufficient for me to say that the Jacobsens paid the funds to Key.
  3. [105]
    It is noted that Scarrott was not charged with or convicted of any contravention of AFAA or POA. He was charged with and pleaded guilty of a contravention of the ACL.
  4. [106]
    Scarrott and Key pleaded guilty to breaches of the ACL. Scarrott’s admissions that he used investors’ funds dishonestly and fraudulently were outlined to the Court in these proceedings.
  5. [107]
    On balance Scarrott has contravened ss 21, 22 and 82(1)(a) and (b) of the AFAA.
  6. [108]
    Sections 154 and 155 of the POA refer to disclosure of a beneficial interest. These provisions do not apply to the facts and circumstances of the Claim.
  7. [109]
    The provisions of ss 206, 207, 208 and 209 do not apply to the facts and circumstances of the Claim.
  8. [110]
    The facts and circumstances of the Claim that relate to Scarrott making false and misleading representations about a scheme that induced the Jacobsens to commit funds to Key and to enter the P&C are a breach of s 212 of the AFAA. This scenario fits squarely into s 212 of the POA. Therefore, I find that Scarrott has contravened s 82(1)(g) of the AFAA.

OBJECTS OF AFAA AND POA

  1. [111]
    The main object of the AFAA is set out in s 6 of the AFAA. In summary the object is to protect consumers from financial loss in dealings with agents and this is to be achieved by regulating the ways agents operate trust accounts and establishing a claim fund to compensate persons in particular circumstances for financial loss arising from dealings with agents.
  2. [112]
    The main objects of the POA are set out in s 12 of the POA. In summary one of these objects is to provide a system of licencing of property which balances between the need to protect consumers and promote freedom of enterprise in the marketplace. Another object is to provide a way of protecting consumers against particular undesirable practices associated with the promotion of residential property.
  3. [113]
    In essence objects of both pieces of legislation are to provide for a system of licencing agents and to protect consumers.

If there are any inconsistencies or ambiguity in the facts, circumstances and interpretation of relevant legislation in these proceedings then given the objects of the legislation are squarely aimed at consumer protection, then any such inconsistencies and ambiguities should be exercised in the claimant’s favour.

FINDINGS

  1. [114]
    On the balance of probabilities, in their dealings with the Jacobsens regarding lot 507, I find as follows:
    1. Key and Scarrott have not complied with ss 82(1)(a), (b) and (g) of the AFAA.
    2. Key and Scarrott were “relevant persons” and “licenced agents” as contemplated in the provisions of the AFAA and POA, in particular s 80 of the AFAA.
    3. Key and Scarrott were carrying out the activities of real estate agents as outlined in ss 26(1)(a) and (c) of the POA. That is facilitating/negotiating the purchase and sale of interests in real property.
    4. The Jacobsens have lodged a valid claim pursuant to s 82 of the AFAA.
    5. The Jacobsens have suffered a financial loss.
    6. Key and Scarrott are responsible for the financial losses of the Jacobsens.
    7. The Jacobsens cannot claim any capital losses and interest. See s 113(5) of the AFAA.
    8. The limit for any claim is $200,000. See s 113(4) of the AFAA and regulation 25 of the Agents Financial Regulation 2014 (Qld).
    9. The Jacobsens have made a claim for $114,200 and legal fees of $1,000. I allow these claims. The Jacobsens have not provided sufficient evidence to substantiate any loss of opportunity and other financial losses. Further I cannot award any interest on the claim pursuant to s 113 of the AFAA Act. Therefore, I allow the amount of $115,200 for the Jacobsens’ claim.
    10. Scarrott and Key are jointly and severally responsible for the Jacobsens’ financial losses.
    11. Pursuant to s 116(3) of the AFAA Scarrott and Key are jointly and severally liable to reimburse the Claim Fund in the amount of $115,200.             
Close

Editorial Notes

  • Published Case Name:

    Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd & Anor

  • Shortened Case Name:

    Jacobsen v Key to Australia Pty Ltd

  • MNC:

    [2024] QCAT 186

  • Court:

    QCAT

  • Judge(s):

    Member Poteri

  • Date:

    08 Mar 2024

Appeal Status

Please note, appeal data is presently unavailable for this judgment. This judgment may have been the subject of an appeal.

Cases Cited

Case NameFull CitationFrequency
Airstrike Industrial Pty Ltd v Robertson [2014] QCATA 43
2 citations
Jump To
Cite 1 - [2014] QCATA 43
Cite 2 - [2014] QCATA 43
Dunn v Chief Executive, Department of Justice and Attorney General [2012] QCAT 476
2 citations
Jump To
Cite 1 - [2012] QCAT 476
Cite 2 - [2012] QCAT 476
Freehold Land Investments Ltd v Queensland Estates Pty Ltd (1970) 123 C.L.R 418
2 citations
Jump To
Cite 1 - (1970) 123 C.L.R 418
Cite 2 - (1970) 123 C.L.R 418
Goodchild v Ferrantino [2007] CCT PC 20
2 citations
Jump To
Cite 1 - [2007] CCT PC 20
Cite 2 - [2007] CCT PC 20
To v Chief Executive, Department of Tourism, Fair Trading and Wine Industry Development [2006] QDC 381
2 citations
Jump To
Cite 1 - [2006] QDC 381
Cite 2 - [2006] QDC 381

Cases Citing

No judgments on Queensland Judgments cite this judgment.

1

Require Technical Assistance?

Message sent!

Thanks for reaching out! Someone from our team will get back to you soon.

Message not sent!

Something went wrong. Please try again.